Grinding bit having a novel grinding grip

ABSTRACT

A grinding bit for regrinding a component of a constant velocity universal joint which contains a grinding tip, an arbor, and means for removably attaching said grinding tip to said arbor. 
     The arbor has a length of from about 2.0 to about 4.3 inches, the grinding tip has a length of from about 0.7 to about 1.9 inches, and the length of the arbor exceeds the length of the grinding tip by at least about 1.0 inch. The grinding has a head portion with a substantially arcuate shape and has a substrate coated with a abrasive material.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATION

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/283,217, filed Jul. 27, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,447,467, which was a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/971,402, filed Nov. 4, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,359,814, which was a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/658,178, filed Feb. 20, 1991, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,197,228, which was a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/367,890, filed Jun. 19, 1989, and now abandoned.

This application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 971,328, filed Nov. 4, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,363,601.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

A machine for regrinding the components of a constant velocity universal joint.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Constant velocity universal joints are used in the wheel drive axles of front wheel drive automobiles and four-wheel drive automobiles; these joints are well known to those skilled in the art and are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,177,654, 4,300,651, 4,476,950, and 4,634,402, the disclosure of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference into this specification.

The constant velocity universal joints often are damaged during use. However, because of the relatively high cost of the precision machined components in such joints, the complete replacement of the joint is very expensive.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,363,601 discloses both a machine for regrinding the components of a constant velocity universal joint as well as a grinding bit which can be used in such machine. In the apparatus of this patent, the grinding bit is moved during the grinding operation to several different positions within a workpiece; and a substantial amount of heat is generated during the grinding operation.

It is an object of this invention to provide a novel lubrication system which will efficiently cool a grinding bit during the grinding of a constant velocity universal joint.

It is another object of this invention to provide a grinding bit adapted to efficiently grind a constant velocity universal joint.

It is yet another object of this invention to provide a grinding tip which may be used to produce a grinding tip adapted to grind a constant velocity universal joint.

It is yet another object of this invention to provide an improved machine for regrinding a constant velocity universal joint.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with this invention, there is provided a a grinding bit which contains a grinding tip, an arbor, and means for removably attaching the grinding bit to the arbor.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention will be more fully understood by reference to the following detailed description thereof, when read in conjunction with the attached drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements, and wherein:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of one preferred embodiment of a grinding machine assembly;

FIG. 2 is another perspective view of one portion of the assembly of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is another perspective view of the assembly of FIG. 1, illustrating a workpiece and grinding bit in positions different than depicted in FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 is a sectional view of a ball type of constant velocity universal joint;

FIG. 5 is an exploded view of a Rzeppa constant velocity universal joint;

FIG. 6 is an exploded view of an In-Line constant velocity universal joint;

FIG. 7 is an exploded view of a Skewed Groove Disk constant velocity universal joint;

FIG. 8 is a schematic perspective view of the workpiece and grinding bit of the assembly of FIG. 1, with the outer race component of the Rzeppa constant velocity joint mounted for grinding and shown in the starting position;

FIG. 9 is a schematic perspective view of the assembly of FIG. 8, shown midway through the grinding process;

FIG. 10 is a schematic perspective view of the assembly of FIG. 8, shown at the innermost position;

FIG. 11 is a schematic perspective view of the workpiece and grinding bit with the outer race component of the In-Line constant velocity joint, mounted for grinding and shown in the starting position;

FIG. 12 is a schematic perspective view of the assembly of FIG. 11, shown in the innermost position;

FIG. 13 is a schematic perspective view of the workpiece and grinding bit with the outer race component of the Skewed Groove Disk constant velocity joint, mounted for grinding and shown with the grinding bit in the starting position for the right skewed groove;

FIG. 14 is a schematic perspective view of the workpiece and grinding bit with the outer race component of the Skewed Groove Disk constant velocity joint, mounted for grinding and shown with the grinding bit in the starting position for the left skewed groove;

FIG. 15 is a schematic perspective view of the workpiece and grinding bit with the inner race component of the Rzeppa constant velocity joint mounted for grinding and shown in the starting position;

FIG. 16 is a schematic perspective view of the rotatable arm, the workpiece and the grinding bit with the intermediate bearing retainer mounted for regrinding;

FIG. 17 is a plan view of the cage adaptor assembly;

FIG. 18 is a sectional view of the outer race spacer;

FIG. 19 is a plan view of the inner race spacer;

FIG. 20 is a sectional view of the inner race expanding mandrel;

FIG. 21A is a perspective view of one preferred horizontal alignment adaptor of this invention;

FIG. 21B is a perspective view of the horizontal alignment adaptor of FIG. 21A, showing the direction of movement of the alignment pegs as the threaded shaft of the adaptor is rotated;

FIG. 21C is a perspective view of the threaded shaft/slide nut assembly of the alignment adaptor of FIG. 21A;

FIG. 21D is an exploded perspective view showing the threaded shaft/slide nut assembly of FIG. 21C being attached to a typical outer housing of a constant velocity joint;

FIG. 21E is a sectional view of the outer housing of FIG. 21D showing how the pegs of the threaded shaft/slide nut assembly interact with the interior of such housing;

FIG. 21F is an exploded perspective view showing the threaded shaft/slide nut assembly of FIG. 21C being attached to a typical inner race of a constant velocity joint;

FIG. 21G is a sectional view of the inner race of FIG. 21F showing how the pegs of the threaded shaft/slide nut assembly interact with the inner race;

FIG. 21H is a front view of the alignment adaptor of FIG. 21A connected to the outer housing of FIG. 21D;

FIG. 21J is a side view illustrating how the assembly of FIG. 21H is horizontally aligned within a chucking mechanism of a constant velocity joint grinding machine, and

FIG. 21I is a side view of such adaptor;

FIG. 21K is a front, partially exploded view of the horizontal alignment adaptor of FIG. 21A;

FIG. 21L is a side view of the horizontal alignment adaptor of FIG. 21K; and

FIG. 22 is a flow chart illustrating computer controlled operations;

FIG. 23 is a perspective view of one cooling means of the machine of FIG. 1, illustrating a preferred coolant pump, tank, and filtration means;

FIG. 24 is a perspective view of one preferred indexing mechanism of the machine of FIG. 1;

FIG. 25 is another perspective view of the indexing mechanism of FIG. 24;

FIG. 26 is a partial sectional view of the machine of FIG. 1, illustrating the relative positions of the spindle, the chuck, and touch off blocks during one portion of the machine's operation;

FIG. 27 is a partial sectional view of the machine of FIG. 1, illustrating the relative positions of the grinding, table, the workpiece holder, the outer race spacer, and the outer housing component at the seventy-five degree position relative to the axis of the grinding tool;

FIG. 28 is a partial sectional view of the machine of FIG. 1, illustrating the relative positions of the grinding table, the workpiece holder, the outer race spacer, and the outer housing component at the sixty degree position relative to the axis of the grinding tool;

FIG. 29 is a partial sectional view of the machine of FIG. 1, illustrating the relative positions of the grinding table, the workpiece holder, the outer race spacer, and the outer housing component at the thirty-degree position relative to the axis of the grinding tool;

FIG. 30 is a partial sectional view of the machine of FIG. 1, illustrating the relative positions of the grinding table, the workpiece holder, the outer race spacer, and the outer housing component at the zero degree position relative to the axis of the grinding tool;

FIG. 31 is a partial sectional view of the machine of FIG. 1, illustrating the relative positions of the grinding table, the workpiece holder, the inner race spacer, and the inner race component at the zero degree position relative to the axis of the grinding tool;

FIG. 32 is a partial sectional view of the machine of FIG. 1, illustrating the relative positions of the grinding table, the workpiece holder, the inner race spacer, and the inner race component at the thirty degree position relative to the axis of the grinding tool;

FIG. 33 is a partial sectional view of the machine of FIG. 1, illustrating the relative positions of the grinding table, the workpiece holder, the inner race spacer, and the inner race component at the forty-five degree position relative to the axis of the grinding tool;

FIG. 34 is a partial sectional view of the machine of FIG. 1, illustrating the relative positions of the grinding table, the workpiece holder, the inner race spacer, and the inner race component at the sixty degree position relative to the axis of the grinding tool;

FIG. 35 is a partial sectional view of the machine of FIG. 1, illustrating the relative positions of the grinding table, the workpiece holder, the inner race spacer, and the inner race component at the ninety degree position relative to the axis of the grinding tool;

FIG. 36 is a sectional view of the components of a preferred grinding bit;

FIG. 37 is a sectional view of the assembled grinding bit of FIG. 36; and

FIG. 37A is a sectional view illustrating the dimensions and geometry of the interior cavity of a preferred grinding tip of this invention;

FIG. 38 is a perspective view of a preferred cooling device used in one preferred embodiment of applicants' apparatus;

FIG. 39 is a side view of the cooling device of FIG. 38;

FIG. 40 is a top view of the body of the cooling device of FIG. 39;

FIG. 41 is a front view of the body of FIG. 40;

FIG. 42 is a side view of the body of FIG. 40;

FIG. 43 is a bottom view of the body of FIG. 40; and

FIG. 44 is a perspective view of the cooling device of FIG. 38 in place on the grinding machine of FIG. 1.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 is a representational perspective view of one preferred embodiment of grinding machine 10. Grinding machine 10 preferably comprises workpiece holder 12, computer monitor 14, keypad 16, cabinet 18, tool bit 20, coolant delivery nozzle 22, spindle cooling means 24, and control panel 26.

Referring to FIG. 1, it will be seen that, within cabinet 18, workpiece holder 12 is preferably partially enclosed by front protective enclosure 28, which prevents the lubricating and cooling medium from escaping to the outside environment as it is sprayed onto the workpiece 30 and the workpiece holder 12. In one preferred embodiment, protective enclosure 28 is a sheet of transparent material which, in one preferred aspect, consists essentially of glass, such as, e.g., tempered safety glass.

In one preferred embodiment, illustrated in FIG. 1, a flexible shield 30 is disposed between the tool bit 20 and means for causing said tool bit 20 to rotate (not shown). This flexible shield 30 not only facilitates sealing but also deforms in order to admit to displacements of tool bit 20 in the Y and Z planes prior to regrinding workpiece 30.

Flexible shield 28 is preferably an elastomeric material which possesses a substantial amount of chemical and thermal resistance to degradation. In one preferred embodiment, flexible shield 28 consists essentially of soft neoprene rubber with a Shore A durometer rating of from about 5 to about 10.

Again referring to FIG. 1, and in the preferred embodiment depicted therein, it will be seen that grinding machine 10 is preferably comprised of a coolant delivery nozzle arrangement 22 which cools the workpiece 30 and the tool bit 20 and removes grinding swarf created during the grinding process. Cooling medium (not shown) is conveyed to nozzle 22 by means of coolant delivery pipe 34 and a pump (not shown in FIG. 1); and the coolant is removed via a drain hole and a drain pipe (not shown in FIG. 1). These residues are then carried into a recycling reservoir (not shown) where the coolant medium is cleaned and decontaminated. Another preferred cooling means is discussed elsewhere in this specification.

Also illustrated in FIG. 1 is monitor 14, which, in response to requests from the grinding machine operator and/or the computer program which is operatively connected to grinding machine 10, can display information regarding the particular component part, or workpiece, which is to be reground. In the preferred embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, the grinding machine operator may input information through keypad 16. In this embodiment, a microprocessor (not shown) disposed within cabinet 18 retrieves data regarding the specifications for the particular constant velocity universal joint component part being reground from a database (not shown) which, preferably, is stored on a hard disc drive (not shown) within cabinet 18. The information is processed by the microprocessor, resulting in the initiation of the appropriate grinding sequence and precise axes positioning.

Referring again to FIG. 1, and in the preferred embodiment illustrated therein, it will be seen that an emergency stop button 36, when depressed, will immediately remove the electricity and the air pressure from all of the components of the grinding machine assembly 10. Emergency stop button 36 is preferably incorporated into cabinet 18, within the panel of switchgear 26 which provides electricity for the electronic components which serve to supply energy to the electrically operated parts of the grinding machine and the assorted hydraulic and/or pneumatic components.

Referring again to FIG. 1, and in the preferred embodiment depicted therein, it will be seen that spindle cooling means 24 is adapted to cool refrigerant (not shown) by a suitable cooling device (not shown) so that cooled refrigerant can be used to cool spindle 38. The use of cooling means 24 helps to insure that the bearings (not shown) associated with spindle 38 are preferably maintained at a relatively constant temperature of about 24 degrees Celsius in order to avoid early bearing failure.

In the preferred embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, the speed of spindle 38 is preferably shown in display 40. In one preferred embodiment, display 40 is a conventional liquid crystal display. It is preferred that, in the operation of applicants' grinding machine, spindle 38 rotate at a speed of at least about 30,000 revolutions per minute and, more preferably, from about 30,000 to about 50,000 revolutions per minute.

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a preferred embodiment of grinding machine 10, which is comprised of a grinding station 42 situated upon a base 44. The grinding station 42 includes workpiece table 46 which is movably mounted upon a first set of support rails 48 and 50.

In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2, workpiece table 46 is moved in the directions of arrows 52 and 54 by conventional motive means such as, e.g., cylinder 56. Cylinder 56 may, e.g., be a hydraulic cylinder.

Any of the support rails configurations known to those skilled in the art may be used for support rails 48 and 50. Thus, by way of illustration, although support rails 48 and 50 are illustrated in FIG. 2 as having rectangular cross-sections, these support rails may have circular cross-sections.

Referring again to FIG. 2, it will be seen that the workpiece table 46 is preferably comprised of rotatable arm 58, upon which is mounted indexer and chuck mechanism 60, alignment plate 62, and touch off blocks 64 and 66.

Chuck and indexing mechanism 60 is one preferred means for receiving the workpiece 30 and, with the aid of adaptor/spacer 68, accommodating the workpiece 30. In one preferred embodiment, the workpiece 30 may be any one of the various components of a constant velocity universal joint.

Referring again to FIG. 2, it will be seen that chuck and indexing mechanism 60 both holds workpiece 30 and is adapted to periodically and systematically rotate workpiece 30 counterclockwise in the direction of arrow 70 so that tool bit 20 may sequentially contact different tracks of workpiece 30 until each of the six different tracks of said workpiece have been ground to specifications.

Any conventional means may be used to hold and rotate workpiece 30. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2, pneumatic cylinder 72 is rotatably connected via an indexing linkage 74 to workpiece 30.

Referring again to FIG. 2, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that, for purposes of better illustration, shield 32 is not shown for purposes of clarity in order to better illustrate spindle 38 and compound grinding table 76.

The compound grinding table 76 supports grinder spindle 38. Grinder spindle 38 is preferably connected to a source of power such as, for example, a variable frequency alternating current converter (not shown). In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2, the variable frequency alternating current produced by this power source is fed via power line 78.

In one preferred embodiment, spindle 38 is an SC 80-0 spindle which may be obtained, e.g., from The Precise Corporation of 3715 Blue River Avenue, Racine, Wis. This preferred spindle is a variable speed high frequency motorized spindle designed for high speed machining applications. Its integral induction motor requires a variable frequency drive system. Both motor and bearing system are cooled by a circulating water system. In this embodiment, the motor and spindle are an integral assembly.

It is preferred that spindle 38 be adapted to rotate grinding bit 20 at a speed of at least 35,000 revolutions per minute and, preferably, from about 40,000 to about 50,000 revolutions per minute. As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, the actual speed attainable with any particular grinding bit 20 will be a function of, e.g., the extended length 226 of grinding bit 20 (see FIG. 36). In general, it is preferred that length 226 be from about 1.0 to about 3.5 inches, from the face of spindle collet 80.

Collet 80 is adapted to hold the grinding bit 20 throughout the grinding process, and, because collet 80 is adjustable, the extent to which grinding bit 20 extends from the face of collet 80 may be varied.

Referring again to FIG. 2, it will be seen that spindle 38 is attached to Z-axis saddle plate 82 which, in turn, is movably mounted on compound grinding table assembly 76. Z axis saddle plate 82 is movably connected to compound grinding table assembly 76 by means of a ball screw 84 and, by means of motor 86 (which is connected to a source of power, not shown, by lines 88), may be moved in the directions of arrows 90 and 92. Such movement in the "Z axis" facilitates the vertical positioning of spindle 38 with regard to workpiece 30.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that, because applicants' machine contains means for moving the spindle up and down in the "Z axis," such machine is capable of regrinding not only Rzeppa-type joints but also other types of joints, such as cross-groove style or plunge type constant velocity joints. By comparison, the device of U.S. Pat. No. 4,593,444 does not contain means for moving its spindle up and down and, thus, can only be used for Rzeppa-type of joints.

The entire means for moving the spindle in the Z axis, described, above, is mounted upon Y-axis saddle plate 94, which, in turn, is movably mounted on compound grinding table assembly 76. Y axis saddle plate 94 is movably connected to compound grinding table assembly 76 by means of a ball screw 84 and, by means of motor 86 (which is connected to a source of power, not shown, by lines 88), and it may be moved in the directions of arrows 96 and 98. Such movement in the "Y axis" facilitates the horizontal positioning of spindle 38 with regard to workpiece 30.

In one embodiment of the invention, the compound grinding table 76 is equipped for controlled simultaneous movement along both the Y axis and the Z-axis.

As is indicated elsewhere in this specification, coolant is sprayed upon workpiece 30 by means not shown in FIG. 2. In the preferred embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2, coolant is drained from grinding machine 10 through drain hole 100, through a drain pipe (not shown), back to a coolant reservoir (not shown in FIG. 2).

In the preferred embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2, alignment plate 62 provides a horizontal reference surface which may be used to align the tracks of workpiece 30 horizontally within the workpiece holder 12. A horizontal alignment adaptor (not shown in FIG. 2, but see FIG. 21), which is discussed elsewhere in this specification, is used in conjunction with alignment plate 62 to align the workpiece 30.

In one embodiment, which is also discussed elsewhere in this specification, the grinding bit 20 preferably is comprised of a steel geometric blank plated with a coating which consists essentially of an inorganic abrasive material. In one preferred embodiment, the coating material consists essentially of a boron nitride material which, preferably, is cubic boron nitride. This material may be obtained from many different vendors; see, for example, page 137 of the 1991-1992 edition of "Ceramic Source," Volume 7 (published by the American Ceramic Society, Westerville, Ohio). Thus, by way of illustration, it may be purchased from the General Electric Corporation's Superabrasives Division, of Worthington, Ohio under the trade name of "BORAZON" (which is cubic boron nitride).

Means for preparing grinding devices which are comprised of a thin coating of cubic boron nitride (or other inorganic abrasive material s!) are well known to those skilled in the art and are described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,971,602, 4,923,490, 4,854,087, and 4,466,656, the disclosures of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference into this specification.

In one embodiment, it is preferred that the coating on grinding bit 20 be deposited as a single grain depth layer and bonded to the surface of the geometrical steel blank by a nickel matrix.

In the use of the preferred grinding bit 20, it is preferred that the medium used to cool the grinding bit be non-aqueous; water, or water-soluble materials preferably are not be used. In one preferred embodiment, the cooling medium is a a cutting oil such as, e.g., MX-237 cutting oil (which is available from the MX Oil Company of Texas), "RE-LI-ON" cutting fluid (which is manufactured by the Re-Li-On corporation of 3307 North Holland-Sylvania Road, Toledo, Ohio), and the like. Other nonaqueous cooling systems will be apparent to those skilled in the art.

The preferred non-aqueous lubricant used in applicants' process preferably will be injected at the surfaces of the workpiece at a flow rate of at least 8 gallons per minute and a pressure of at least 40 pounds per square inch.

Applicants have discovered that their preferred grinding bit 20 is very durable under the conditions of their process and, to the extent that it does wear, wears evenly. When the grinding bit has to be refurbished, it can be replated with the preferred cubic boron nitride material (or other inorganic abrasive material) rather than being replaced.

In one preferred embodiment, the grinding machine 10 is comprised of a means to compensate for the wear of the grinding bit due to successive regrindings. The computer program contains an adjustable tool offset subroutine which may be entered through keypad 16.

In one embodiment, because the length of the grinding bit 20 affects the depth of regrinding, the position of the grinding bit 20 may be adjusted relative to the workpiece 30 in order to compensate for a change in the length of the grinding bit. Before the regrinding operation begins, the appropriate grinding bit 20 is inserted loosely into the variable collet 80 and the workpiece table 46 is positioned in relationship to the grinding bit 20, with the reference surfaces of the touch off blocks 64 and 66 both oriented towards the grinding bit 20. The grinding bit 20 is then pulled out of the variable collet 80 until it is solidly against said reference surface of the touch off blocks 64 and 66. Then the variable collet 80 holding the grinding bit is tightened.

Empirical tests have shown that, with the grinding bit 20 sized properly, very precise control of the regrinding operation is obtained to a tolerance of plus or minus 0.0015 inches.

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of grinding machine 10 illustrating the components of workpiece table 46 and compound grinding table 76 as they are engaged in the grinding of workpiece 30.

Grinding machine 10 is comprised of means for varying the angle formed by the intersection of axial centerline of grinding bit 20 with the axial centerline of the workpiece 30. Referring to FIG. 27, and in the embodiment illustrated therein, it will be seen that grinding bit 30 has a centerline 102. It will also be seen that workpiece 20 also has a centerline 104. At the intersection of axial centerlines 102 and 104, an angle of rotation 106 is formed. This angle of rotation 106 is varied from 0 to 90 degrees during the grinding sequence by rotating rotatable arm 58 by means of a cylinder (not shown in FIG. 27).

Referring again to FIG. 3, it will be seen that hydraulic cylinder 108 is operatively connected to a linkage. (not shown) attached to the rotatable arm 58; in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3, cylinder 56 (see FIG. 2) has been removed for the purposes of illustration and clarity. By the same token, in FIG. 2, cylinder 108 has been removed for the purposes of illustrating cylinder 56 and clarity.

Thus, hydraulic cylinder 108 (which is controlled by a computer program) can vary both the degree of rotation of rotatable arm 58 and, consequently, the length of the cut made in the workpiece 20 in response to the computer program.

Thus, referring to both FIGS. 2 and 3, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that applicants' novel grinding machine is preferably comprised of means (1) for rotating grinding bit 20 at a speed of at least 35,000 revolutions per minute by means, e.g., of spindle 38, (2)for moving spindle 38 up and down in the "Z axis" plane, (3) for moving spindle 38 in and out in the "Y" axis plane, (4) for moving the rotatable arm 58 left to right in the "X" axis plane, (5) for rotating rotatable arm 58 through up to 90 degrees of rotation so that the angle it forms with the centerline of the grinding bit 20 may be varied, and (6) means for rotating workpiece 30 axially about its centerline.

In one preferred embodiment, the grinding machine 10 is adapted to automatically regrind the components of a variety of constant velocity universal joints. The particular workpiece 30 to be reground is maintained on the workpiece table 46 by indexer and chuck mechanism 60 and adaptor/spacer 62 (see FIG. 2). As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, the embodiment of the adaptor/spacer to be used will depend upon the type of workpiece being reground.

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a typical constant velocity universal joint 110, the components of which include outer race 112 (which is typically connected to the front wheel components by means of a splined trunion), inner race 114 (which is typically connected to the vehicle transmission output by means of a splined receptacle), intermediate bearing retainer (cage) 116, and bearing ball 118. These components, in combination, constitute a sliding joint which accommodates vertical and horizontal misalignment between the vehicle transmission and the front wheel drive components and, thus, permits the turning of the front wheels for steering.

Referring again to FIG. 4, a typical constant velocity universal joint is assembled such that the bearing ball bearings fit closely within radial circular tracks 120 which are machined in the inner surface of the outer race 112 and in the outer surface of the inner race 114. This design permits the bearing balls to roll forward and backward in the radial circular tracks 120 as input shaft 122 is turned out of axial alignment with output shaft 124 but prevents the bearing balls from engaging in vertical to horizontal motion relative to the radial circular tracks' 120 central axis.

The intermediate bearing retainer (cage) 116 is machined with cage openings 126 (see FIG. 5) on its surface so that it can retain the bearing balls within the radial circular tracks 120 and between the outer race 112 and the inner race 114.

Referring again to FIG. 4, it will be seen that constant velocity joint boot 128, which preferably is made of synthetic rubber or a similar material, is tightly affixed to the outer surface of the constant velocity universal joint 110 and the output shaft 124 in order to protect the assembly. As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, constant velocity universal joints are usually manufactured and installed with such constant velocity joint boots 128.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that FIG. 4 is merely illustrative of the typical components of a constant velocity universal joint and that several different kinds of constant velocity universal joints exist. The grinding machine of this invention is easily adaptable to regrind the components of any one of a number of constant velocity universal joints, some of which are discussed below.

FIG. 5 illustrates a typical Rzeppa constant velocity universal joint 130. Like the typical constant velocity universal joint 110 discussed in FIG. 4, the components of this Rzeppa joint 130 include outer race 112, inner race 114, and intermediate bearing retainer (cage) 116. Radial circular tracks 120, discussed previously with reference to FIG. 4, are also illustrated in FIG. 5.

FIG. 6 illustrates an In-Line constant velocity universal joint 132 which includes outer race 112, an inner race 114, and intermediate bearing retainer(cage) 116. The joint is similar to the one illustrated in FIG. 4 except the tracks 120 of the outer race 112 and the inner race 114 do not have a radius of curvature.

FIG. 7 illustrates a Skewed Groove Disk constant velocity universal joint 134. In this type of constant velocity universal joint, outer race 112 contains grooves 120. However, unlike the grooves 120 of other universal joints, the three of the alternating grooves 120 are skewed clockwise; the other three alternating grooves 120 are skewed counterclockwise. The grooves 120 in this joint do not have a radius of curvature as do the grooves 120 in the outer race of the constant velocity joint of FIG. 4. Inner race 114 is similar to the inner race of the constant velocity joint of FIG. 4 except that grooves 120 of this former embodiment are angled either clockwise or counterclockwise. This type of constant velocity universal joint also includes intermediate bearing retainer (cage) 116

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the grinding machine 10, although adapted to regrind the components of the various constant velocity universal joints discussed above, is in no manner limited to grinding only these components. Referring to FIG. 2, it will be seen that the grinding machine 10 is adapted to operate as a single grinding station with the ability to grind a variety of workpieces with only one tooling implement, grinding bit 20. The various grinding operations are automatically achieved by the coordinate efforts of a microprocessor (not shown), a database (not represented pictorially), and a control unit (not represented pictorially). The database is comprised of a collection of manufacturing specifications for a variety of constant velocity universal joint models.

Referring again to FIG. 3, a means for controlling the motion of rotatable arm 58 is illustrated in part. In coordination with a microprocessor (not shown), a control unit (not represented pictorially) controls the motion of rotatable arm 58. The control unit sends and receives signals to or from some or all of the moving parts illustrated in FIG. 3. The information in the database is used to program into the control unit the pattern through which the workpiece 30 moves in relation to the replaceable grinding bit 20 during the grinding operation. In a typical grinding operation, the control unit transmits and receives a series of signals which cause the compound grinding table 76, the grinder spindle 38, and the replaceable grinding bit 20 to be moved along the Y and/or Z axis and into their proper position, the rotatable arm 58 to be rotated into a starting position, the spindle 38 and means to pump coolant solution to the coolant delivery pipe 34, to be turned on, and the workpiece table 46 to advance towards the replaceable grinding bit 20 in the predetermined sequence and at predetermined intervals as required by the particular type and size of the constant velocity universal joint component being reground.

Referring again to FIGS. 2 and 3, and by way of illustration, the following discussion illustrates one preferred procedure for regrinding outer race 112 (see FIG. 5) of the Rzeppa constant velocity universal joint 130 (see FIG. 5). The workpiece 30 is inserted into the indexer and chuck mechanism 60 using an adaptor/spacer 68 such that the center of the radius of tracks 120 (shown in FIG. 5) is directly and precisely over the center of rotation of the rotatable arm 58. Outer race spacer 136 (shown in FIG. 18) is the preferred adaptor/spacer 68 for this component. Indexer and chuck mechanism 60 is loosely closed around the splined output shaft 124 (see FIG. 4) of the outer race 112 in order to permit the turning of the outer race 112 in the indexer and chuck mechanism 60. A dial indicator (not shown pictorially), or another means (such as the horizontal alignment adaptor 138 shown in FIG. 21) is then used to locate and position the central axis of two opposite tracks 120 in precise alignment horizontally with the center line 102 of grinding bit 20 (see FIG. 27) along the Z-axis as the outer race 112 is oriented in the loosened indexer and chuck mechanism 60. The mechanism 60 is then tightened and the horizontal alignment adaptor 138 is then removed to enable the grinding operation to begin.

The workpiece table 46 is moved along the X axis, as is indicated by double-headed arrows 52 and 54, until it is close enough to the grinding bit 20 that the workpiece is near the head of such bit. Thereafter, the compound grinding table 76 is moved in the direction of arrows 90/92 (in the Z axis) and/or in the direction of arrows 96/98 (in the Y axis), if and as necessary, to position the spindle 38 and the grinding bit 20 so that the head of grinding bit 20 will engage the radial circular track 120 of workpiece 30. It is desired that the head of the grinding bit 20 be at a point which will grind the proper depth into the outer race 112 as the outer race is rotated around the tip of the grinder bit. Upon initiation of the automatic grinding sequence regulated by the control unit, the position of the outer race 112 is automatically rotated slowly around the center of rotation of the rotatable arm 58 with the grinding bit 20 rotating at, high speed until the grinding bit has traveled forward and back through a given arc into the track 120 of the outer race 112.

This process for regrinding one of the tracks of the outer race 112 of the Rzeppa joint is further illustrated by FIGS. 8, 9, and 10. FIG. 8 is a schematic perspective view with outer race 112 of the Rzeppa constant velocity joint 130 mounted for grinding with grinding bit 20 in the starting position. FIG. 9 shows outer race 112 and grinding bit 20 midway through the grinding process. FIG. 10 illustrates the grinding at the innermost position. Once this process is completed, the workpiece 30 is then returned to its starting position with the head of the grinding bit in front of the outer race 112.

To regrind the next groove, the control unit transmits a signal to the indexing and chuck mechanism 60 to increment the position of the outer race 112 about the center axis of the workpiece 30, as indicated by arrow 70 (see FIG. 2) until the next track 120 of the outer race 112 is sequentially placed into position engaging the grinding bit 20, and then the procedure illustrated in FIGS. 8, 9, and 10 is repeated. The complete grinding sequence is repeated until all tracks have been ground identically and precisely to exacting tolerances.

In view of the fact that the features of the various constant velocity universal joints vary, the grinding procedures need to be varied also. This requirement poses no problem for the grinding machine 10 because, based on the data input by the grinding machine operator, the appropriate grinding procedure can easily be determined and relayed to the grinding machine 10 through the microprocessor and the control unit.

By way of further illustration, in order to regrind race 112 (see FIG. 6) and/or other components of the In-Line constant velocity universal joint 132, the rotatable arm 58 is moved into engagement with the workpiece and locked into place, with the grooves 120 precisely in line with the grinding bit 20. The workpiece 30 is then advanced to the grinding bit 20 and slowly advanced forward to allow the grinding bit 20 to regrind each track 120 in a fashion similar to that used in the regrinding of the Rzeppa constant velocity joint 130 (see FIG. 5) except that the rotatable arm 58 does not rotate during the grinding operation. This procedure is illustrated in FIGS. 11 and 12. Referring to FIG. 11, grinding bit 20 is in its starting position, with outer race 112 mounted for regrinding. FIG. 12 illustrates outer race 112 and grinding bit 20 during regrinding at the innermost position. Once these procedures are completed, the outer race 112 is then indexed in order to put the next track 120 in position for regrinding. The inner race 114 (see FIG. 15) is reground in a similar manner.

By way of further illustration, in order to enable regrinding of the internal components of a Skewed Groove Disk constant velocity universal joint 134 (see FIG. 7), the grinding machine 10 (see FIG. 3) is modified to include a means to lock the rotatable arm 58 in an angular position (not shown pictorially) in order to effectuate regrinding. The locking means first sets the rotatable arm 58 in a position wherein the alternating clockwise grooves 120 (see FIG. 7) are precisely aligned to the centerline 102 of the grinding bit 20 along the Y axis; this first set of alternating clockwise tracks are ground with the spindle 38 and the grinding bit 20 disposed above the centerline 104 (see FIG. 27) of workpiece 30.

Once this first set of alternating tracks 120 have been ground, the spindle 38 and the grinding bit 20 are repositioned so that they are disposed below the centerline 104 of workpiece 30. Thereafter, the machining of alternating counterclockwise tracks 120 commences, until these other alternating tracks have been ground.

In this embodiment, the locking means preferably comprises a pneumatically operated solenoid (not shown in the Figures) which is located beneath the rotatable arm 58 and the workpiece table 46 and which, when operated, causes a pin to be forced into one of several precisely located receptacles (not shown) on the underside of the rotatable arm 58; an electrical position sensing device (such as, e.g., a magnetically operated electrical switch), also not shown, senses both the motion and the relative position of the rotatable arm 58 and transmits signals to the control device.

The process for regrinding outer race 112 (see FIG. 7) of the Skewed Groove Disk constant velocity universal joint 134 (see FIG. 7) is illustrated in FIGS. 13 and 14. FIG. 13 is a schematic perspective view of outer race 112 with grinding bit 20 in the starting position for regrinding clockwise skewed groove 120. FIG. 14 shows the grinding bit 20 in the starting position for counter-clockwise skewed groove 120.

As is illustrated in FIGS. 13 and 14, the outer race 112 of a Skewed Groove CV Joint 134 may be machined in the manner described above for the inner race 114.

By changing the adaptor/spacer 140 (see FIG. 19) with which the workpiece 30 is held in the indexer chuck mechanism 60 and repositioning the grinding bit 20 in relation to the workpiece 30, the inner race 114 for each constant velocity universal joint type can be ground using the same size grinding bit 20 that was used on each outer race 112.

FIG. 15 illustrates a process for grinding tracks 120 in inner race 112. The inner race 112 is inserted into the indexing and chuck mechanism 60 (shown in FIG. 3), using the appropriate workpiece adaptor 140 with an expanding mandrel 142 (see FIG. 20) in order to properly position the center of rotation of the inner race 114 directly and precisely over the center of rotation of the rotatable arm 58 during the grinding operation. The expanding mandrel 142 is tightly adjusted to lock the workpiece 30 onto the mandrel 142. In the preferred embodiment, the adaptor/spacer 140 is configured as illustrated in FIG. 19 as inner race spacer 140 which is disposed around the expanding mandrel 142 and the indexing and chuck mechanism 60/ The preferred expanding mandrel 142 is designed as in FIG. 20 to be a slotted mandrel 142 with expansion screw 144 operating within. With the preferred adaptor/spacer 140 fixed to the workpiece 30, the indexing and chuck mechanism 60 is then loosely closed around the mandrel 142 holding the inner race 112 in order to permit the orientation of the inner race 112 and the mandrel 142. In the preferred embodiment illustrated, the horizontal alignment adaptor 138 (see FIG. 21) is used to locate and position the central axis of two opposite track 120 of the inner race 112 (see FIG. 15) to be precisely aligned horizontally with the centerline of the grinding bit 30 along the Z axis as the inner face 112 (shown in FIG. 15) is oriented in the loosened indexing and chuck mechanism 60. The chuck mechanism 60 is then tightened and the horizontal alignment adaptor 138 is removed to enable the grinding operation to begin. Next, the position of the grinding bit tip along the Y axis is adjusted in order to place the tip of the grinding bit 30 at the proper position so as to remove a known amount of material from the surface of the track 120 as the workpiece 30 is rotated by the rotatable arm 58. Upon completion of regrinding a track 120, the control unit (now shown) then transmits a signal to the indexing and chuck mechanism 60 to index the position of the workpiece 30 about the center axis 104 of the workpiece 30 until the next track 120 of the inner race 112 is sequentially placed into position for engaging the grinding bit 20. The grinding sequence is repeated until all tracks 120 have been ground identically. The grinding machine 10 can accommodate the regrinding of the inner races 112 of the In-Line and Skewed Groove Disk joints as well.

It has been found that if the inner race 112 is not ground to a specific tolerance, the constant velocity joint may seize under normal working conditions. In order to prevent seizing, the grinding bit should be at least about 0.005 of an inch greater than the size of the new bearing ball's diameter. In one embodiment, the new bearing ball's diameter is two one-hundredths of an inch greater than the size of the original inner race grooves. These tolerances produce the appropriate clearances allowing the ball to actually move and not seize in the inner race groove.

FIG. 16 illustrates one preferred process for regrinding intermediate bearing retainer (cage) 116. The intermediate bearing retainer (cage) 116 is mounted in the indexing and chuck mechanism 60 by using an appropriate workpiece adaptor 146. An intermediate bearing retainer adaptor cover plate 148 and nut 150 is turned onto threaded concentric shaft 152 to clamp the intermediate bearing retainer 116 tightly between the adaptor 146 and the cover plate 148. The indexing and chuck mechanism 60 is tightly closed around the adaptor 146 and the intermediate bearing retainer 116. In one preferred embodiment, the adaptor is cage adaptor assembly 146 (shown in FIG. 17). As is illustrated in FIG. 17, the cage adaptor assembly 146 includes adaptor body 154 which mounts into the chuck mechanism 60 at one end and intermediate bearing retainer 116 at the other end. The intermediate bearing retainer 116 is sandwiched by adaptor body 154 and cone 148. Fast-lock knob 150 secures screw 152 through the cone 148, and intermediate bearing retainer 116 into the adaptor body 154 mounted into the chuck mechanism 60.

Referring to FIG. 16, rotatable arm 58 is positioned and locked perpendicularly to the central axis 102 of grinding bit 20. The center of opening 126 of the intermediate bearing retainer 116 is aligned with the centerline 102 of the grinding bit 20 along the Y and Z axis as the intermediate bearing retainer 116 is oriented within the adaptor 146.

It is preferred to conduct such orientation by releasing the fast lock knob 150 and cone 148 slightly to thereby allow rotation of the intermediate bearing retainer 116 within the adaptor, by orienting the retainer 116, and then by retightening the fast lock knob 150.

To begin the grinding operation, and referring again to FIG. 3, the position of the workpiece table 46 is advanced slowly toward the grinding bit 20 until the grinding bit has penetrated the opening 126 in the intermediate bearing retainer 116 (see FIG. 17). The position of the grinding bit 20 along the Z axis is then adjusted to move the grinding bit up and down along the Z axis to grind both sides of the rectangular opening 126 in the intermediate bearing retainer 116. When the grinding operation has been completed, the workpiece table 46 (shown in FIG. 3) is moved away from the grinding bit 20, the indexing and chuck mechanism 60 is then indexed to position the next opening 126 in line with the grinding bit 20, and the operation is repeated until each of the six openings 126 has been ground.

Once all of the grinding operations are complete, the inner race 114, the outer race 112, the bearing balls 118 the intermediate bearing retainer 116, and rubber boot 128 (see FIG. 4) can then be reassembled in the same manner in which the original constant velocity universal joint was assembled.

In the machining of the original constant velocity joint, a keyway was built into the stock of the workpiece; this keyway is required for the alignment, the centering, and the precise locating of the workpiece for different operations during the original machining process. After the original grinding was completed, the keyway was ground off (see, e.g., the Kavthekar patent mentioned elsewhere in this specification); once such keyway has been removed, a CV joint cannot be reground on a machine designed for grinding original CV joints. Thus, in the regrinding procedure, there exists a need for an alternative means of aligning and centering the workpiece in the grinding machine.

In one preferred embodiment, the means for aligning and centering the workpiece includes a means to accurately adjust the horizontal position of the workpiece in the indexing and chuck mechanism 60. This means is illustrated in FIG. 21A. As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, the adaptor of FIG. 21A may be used with both an outer housing (such as outer housing 112 of FIG. 5) and/or an inner race (such as the inner race 114 of FIG. 5).

Referring to FIG. 21A, it will be seen that horizontal alignment adaptor 138 comprises right-hand slide nut 156 and left-hand slide nut 158, both of a size appropriate for the various constant velocity joint sizes; these slide nuts provide means for precisely locating the opposing ball tracks of a CV joint within the adaptor and, additionally, means for securing the CV joint to the adaptor.

The slide nuts 156 and 158 are fastened to screw shaft 160. Foot-plate 162 and jig feet buttons 164 are positioned on the surface of the steel alignment plate 62 (see FIG. 2). This positioning causes the horizontal alignment adapter 138 to align along the horizontal plane. Since the axis of the screw shaft 160 is parallel to the foot-plate 162, the workpiece 30 will then be aligned along a horizontal centerline parallel to the alignment plate 62. Actual centering of the outer race 112 and/or inner race 114 occurs by turning the screw shaft 160, which advances the right-hand slide nut 156 and the left-hand slide nut 158 away from the center of the screw shaft and into the inner diameter of the outer race, or the outer diameter of the inner race. The chuck mechanism 60 is then tightened. The horizontal alignment adaptor 138 is then removed.

In one preferred embodiment, horizontal alignment is necessary because grinding is always done on the horizontal plane; however, in some alternative embodiments, grinding may occur on a vertical plane, and in these cases a means for vertical alignment (similar to the means for horizontal alignment) would be required.

FIG. 21B is a perspective view of the horizontal alignment adaptor of FIG. 21A. Referring to FIGS. 21B and 21C, it will be seen that, when knob 161 is rotated clockwise in the direction of arrow 163, pegs 165 and 165A move towards each other towards the center of adaptor 138 in the direction of arrows 167 and 169. When, however, knob 161 is rotated counterclockwise in the direction of arrow 171, pegs 165 and 165A move away from each other in the directions of arrows 173 and 175.

Referring again to FIG. 21B, it will be seen that retaining clip 177 provides a means for insuring that shaft 160 is fixed within body 179; a similar retaining clip 177A is preferably provided on the other end of shaft 160. If such retaining clip 177 were not provided, the apparatus 138 would not necessarily position pegs 165 and 165A in a substantially central position. Thus, means must be provided for retaining both the proximal and distal end shaft 160 within body 179 while allowing it to rotate.

Referring again to FIG. 21B, it will be seen that adaptor 138 is preferably comprised of a substantially I-shaped base 162 comprising a horizontally-extending first lower leg 181, a horizontally-extending second upper leg 183 which is (and must be) parallel to said first leg, and an intermediate, vertically-extending beam 185 which is integrally connected to legs 181 and 183. As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, this substantially I-shaped structure allows a user to easily grasp and move the adaptor 138.

Referring again to FIG. 21B, it will be seen that alignment adaptor 138 is comprised of two jig feet 164, each of which has a bottom surface which is flat and parallel to the top surface 189 of second leg 183. The body 179 of adaptor 138 so captures shaft 160 so that shaft 160 is parallel to both top surface 189 and bottom surface 187 of jig feet 164.

FIG. 21D is an exploded perspective view showing the threaded shaft/slide nut assembly 191 of FIG. 21C being attached to a typical outer housing 112 of a constant velocity joint (not shown). It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that assembly 191 is captured by body 179, but the body 179 has been omitted from FIG. 21D for the sake of simplicity of representation.

Referring again to FIG. 21D, housing 112 may be moved in the direction of arrow 193 until the pegs 165 and 165A totally engage the interior of such housing. Thereafter, knob 161 may be rotated in the direction of arrow 171 to move pegs 165 and 165A in the direction of arrows 173 and 175, thus engaging, clamping, and aligning housing 112.

FIG. 21E is a sectional view of housing 112, illustrating the geometry of its interior. Referring to FIG. 21E, it will be seen that housing 112 is comprised of a multiplicity of arcuate ball tracks 195. As is known to those skilled in the art, typical outer housings 112 comprise opposing ball tracks 195 which generally are aligned horizontally. Thus, when pegs 165 and 165A are moved in the directions of arrows 173 and 175, outer housing 112 is simultaneously aligned along a horizontal axis and clamped in such position. Once such outer housing 112 is so clamped and thus secured to horizontal alignment adaptor 138, the entire adaptor 138/housing 112 assembly may be moved towards the chucking mechanism 60 of the grinding machine (not shown in FIG. 21E).

FIG. 21F is an exploded perspective view showing the threaded shaft/slide nut assembly 191 of FIG. 21C being attached to a typical inner race 114 of a constant velocity joint (not shown). It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that assembly 191 is captured by body 179, but the body 179 has been omitted from FIG. 21F for the sake of simplicity of representation.

Referring again to FIG. 21F, inner race 114 may be moved in the direction of arrow 193 until the pegs 165 and 165A totally engage the exterior of such inner race. Thereafter, knob 161 may be rotated in the direction of arrow 163 to move pegs 165 and 165A in the direction of arrows 167 and 169, thus engaging, clamping, and aligning inner race 114.

FIG. 21G is a sectional view of inner race 114, illustrating its geometry. Referring to FIG. 21G, it will be seen that inner race 114 is comprised of a multiplicity of arcuate ball tracks 195. As is known to those skilled in the art, typical inner races 114 comprise opposing ball tracks 195 which generally are aligned horizontally. Thus, when pegs 165 and 165A are moved in the directions of arrows 167 and 169, inner race 114 is simultaneously aligned along a horizontal axis and clamped in such position. Once such inner race 114 is so clamped and thus secured to horizontal alignment adaptor 138, the entire adaptor 138/inner race 114 assembly may be moved towards the chucking mechanism 60 of the grinding machine (not shown in FIG. 21G).

FIG. 21H is a front view of the alignment adaptor 138. As will be seen by reference to such Figure, the bottom surfaces 187 of jig feet 164 are parallel to the shaft 160. Thus, when jig feet are positioned on top horizontal surface 197 of alignment plate 62 of the grinding machine (not shown), the shaft 160 is thus parallel to such horizontal alignment surface 197. Consequently, because of its structure, applicant's horizontal alignment adaptor 138 automatically aligns either the outer housing 112 or the inner race 114 (not shown) so that opposing ball tracks 195 are parallel to the horizontal alignment surface 197.

FIG. 21J is a side view illustrating how the clamped and aligned assembly of FIG. 21H may be secured to chucking mechanism 60. Referring to FIG. 21J, it will be seen that, once outer housing 112 with its attached horizontal adaptor 138 is clamped within chucking mechanism 60, the horizontal adaptor assembly 138 is detached from outer housing 112 (by rotating knob 161) and, thereafter, the horizontal adaptor assembly 138 may be removed in the direction of arrow 199.

It will be apparent that the inner race 114 may be secured within chucking mechanism 60 by the same means prior to the time the horizontal adaptor 138 is removed.

FIG. 21K is a front, partially exploded view of horizontal alignment adaptor 138 illustrating that, in the preferred embodiment shown, jig feet 164 may be permanently attached to base 162 by means of fastener 201. In the preferred embodiment illustrated, it also will be seen that body 179 is comprised of an upper front face 203 and a lower front face 205 which are parallel to each other and are perpendicular to surface 189 so that the workpiece (such as housing 112 and/or inner race 114) when contacted with faces 203 and 205 will be aligned.

FIG. 21L is a side view of adaptor 138. Referring to FIG. 21L, it will be seen that body 179 of such adaptor is comprised of both arcuate section 207 joined to flat section 209. Arcute section 207 makes it easy and comfortable for a user to grasp adaptor 138, especially when a workpiece is attached to it.

Referring again to FIG. 21L, and in the preferred embodiment illustrated therein, it will be seen that vertical member 185 of base 162 is offset to facilitate its handling by a user.

While grinding machine 10 has been illustrated for use with constant velocity universal joints, it will be understood that this machine may also be used with other workpieces where precisely controlled, accurate grinding is needed. A grinding bit 20 with a diameter larger than the diameter of the replacement bearing ball is preferred for accurate grinding.

FIG. 22 illustrates one preferred process of the invention. This preferred process is enabled by a microprocessor and sequential programming appropriate to the workpiece being ground based on an extensively compiled database of specifications for regrinding the wide variety of constant velocity universal joint configurations according to the many manufacturers, and models and years of cars from which they are removed for repair.

Referring to FIG. 22, and data entry block 166, the machine operator should enter model number information on the joint to be remanufactured into the control computer via a keyboard. In one preferred embodiment, this is an interactive procedure in which the microprocessor screen displays a series of questions and, using the keypad, the machine operator responds accordingly. Typical questions might relate to the manufacturer of the workpiece, the model type and year, and sizing.

Based upon the responses made by the operator, the dimensions of and other specifications of the particular joint to be operated upon are looked up in a database stored on appropriate computer memory media, and the proper program for grinding the workpiece is then selected in microprocessor operation 168. The cathode ray tube display screen (or other suitable display medium) will instruct the operator in display operation 170 as to how to chuck the outer race component in the chuck on the rotatable table, and the manual operation 172 must then be completed. Operating control function 174 will then detect the workpiece in position and enclosure locked, and the grinding operation rotational movement will be entirely controlled and directed by the preprogrammed instructions from the microprocessor according to the specifics of the workpiece dimensions, both controlling movement of the rotating table and chuck (and thus the workpiece into the grinding bit) and further indexing the workpiece to position each groove in relation to the grinding bit for sequential grinding operations until the entire part and all of the grooves have been worked. At completion, display operation 176 instructs the operator to remove the workpiece, and a similar operational sequence 178-184 is repeated for the inner race component. Thereafter, a similar operational sequence 186-192 is repeated for the intermediate bearing cage component.

Thus, the computer program automatically provides complete control and instructions according to the specific dimensions of any selected joint, and it precisely accomplishes the regrinding operations of each of the three components by rotating the grinder table through the predetermined pattern of movement which grinds the grooves of the workpiece. Grinding is preferably controlled within a tolerance of at least about plus or minus one-thousandths of an inch.

One preferred embodiment of a cooling system 194 which may be used with grinding machine 10 is illustrated in FIG. 23. Referring to FIG. 23, it will be seen that cooling system 194 is preferably comprised of a coolant reservoir 196, a pump 198, a filter/cleaner system for purifying used coolant 200, a coolant delivery pipe 34 (also see FIG. 1), and a coolant return pipe 202.

Referring to FIG. 1, coolant is delivered through nozzle 22 and, after contacting the workpiece and/or the tool bit, is fed by gravity to a drain hole (see FIG. 2, element number 100). The spent fluid is then conveyed by gravity through drain pipe 202 (FIG. 23) to the reclaiming means 200.

Those skilled in the art are aware of many conventional means for reclaiming spent coolant; and these may be used in applicants' system. One preferred means is a coolant cleaner, model number CS-5-13, which is sold by Eriez Magnetics of Erie, Pa. As is described in Eriez's brochure 989-4M-BGG, this coolant cleaner is adapted to remove magnetic particles (such as steel filings generated during regrinding of a constant velocity joint) from contaminated lubricating fluid. In the operation of this cleaner, contaminated coolant fluid is preferably gravity fed to the cleaner where it flows under the magnetic roll of the cleaner. The roll's permanent magnetic field captures all of the ferrous contamination in the fluid. Because the roll surface rotates against the current flow, large and small ferrous particles clinging tightly to its surface are carried upward out of the liquid. Coolant fluid drains back down into the hopper of the machine as ferrous particles are removed by the scraper blade. Chips, grindings, and other contamination are scraped off the drum of the machine and deposited onto an inclined discharge lip which slopes down to a waiting receptacle. Clean coolant is then discharged form the bottom of the cleaner and returned to the system for reuse.

One preferred means for indexing workpiece 30 is illustrated in FIGS. 24 and 25. Referring to FIG. 24, it will be seen that the indexing cylinder 204 is a pneumatic cylinder which is operatively connected to a control unit (not shown). Cylinder 204 is attached to indexing linkage 206, which translates linear motion from cylinder 204 into rotary motion of indexing and chuck mechanism 60. FIG. 25 is a side view of the mechanism of FIG. 24.

FIG. 26 illustrates the preferred spatial relationships of various components of grinding machine 10 (when the rotatable arm 58 is in one extreme of rotation, as depicted in FIG. 3) between spindle collet 80, touch-off blocks 64 and 66, indexing and chuck mechanism 60, and the centerline of rotation of rotatable arm 58 (not shown).

FIGS. 27, 28, 29, and 30 illustrate the relationship between the grinding bit 20, the indexing and chuck mechanism 60, the outer race 112, the outer race spacer 62, and the rotatable arm 58 and various angles 106 which the rotatable arm 58 makes with the centerline 102 of the tool bit 20 as rotatable arm 58 rotates from one extreme position (75 degrees) to another extreme position (0 degrees) during the grinding cycle of an outer race 112. FIGS. 27, 28, 29, and 30 illustrate degrees of rotation of 75 degrees, 60 degrees, 30 degrees, and 0 degrees, respectively.

FIGS. 31, 32, 33, 34, and 35 illustrate the relationship between the grinding bit 20, the indexing and chuck mechanism 60, the inner race 114, the inner race spacer 136, and the rotatable arm 58 and various angles 106 which the rotatable arm 58 makes with the centerline 102 of the tool bit 20 as rotatable arm 58 rotates from one extreme position (0 degrees) to another extreme position (90 degrees) during the grinding cycle of an inner race 114. FIGS. 31, 32, 33, 34, and 35 illustrate degrees of rotation of 0 degrees, 30 degrees, 45 degrees, 60 degrees, and 90 degrees, respectively.

In one preferred embodiment, illustrated in FIGS. 36 and 37, a preferred grinding bit 20 is illustrated. Applicants have discovered that, in this embodiment, it is preferred that grinding bit 20 be comprised of two separable parts which are removably connected to each other.

Referring to FIG. 36, it will be seen that the preferred grinding bit 20 is comprised of arbor 208, and replaceable grinding tip 210. As indicated elsewhere in this specification, in one preferred embodiment, the surface 212 of grinding tip 210 is preferably coated with a thin (preferably single grain depth) layer of cubic boron nitride. In one preferred embodiment, the cubic boron nitride is electroplated onto a steel blank using a nickel medium.

Although cubic boron nitride is the preferred abrasive material, other abrasive materials also may be used. Thus, by way of illustration and not limitation, one may use one or more of the abrasives disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,401,283 (synthetic diamond), 5,398,455 (cubic boron nitride coated with hafnium nitride), 5,366,524 (boron carbide, silicon, carbide, mullite, alumina, and diamond), 5,355,637 (cubic boron nitride grit coated with a layer of aluminum nitride), 5,346,026 (polycrystalline diamond), 5,326,380 (polycrystalline cubic boron nitride), 5,308,367 (boron nitride), 5,188,643 (electroless plating of cubic boron nitride onto a steel blank), 5,151,107 (superabrasive polycrystalline materials), 5,139,537 (cubic boron nitride coated with titanium nitride), 5,129,918 (cubic boron nitride grits coated with metal carbide), 5,108,966 (wurtzitic), 5,401,238 (ultra hard abrasives), 5,389,418 (abrasive particles with Moh's hardness of 6 or more), 5,385,715 (friable abrasive particles), 5,366,526 (boron suboxide), 5,332,643 (abrasives with a Knoop hardness of 1500 to 2900), 5,326,618 (abrasive with a Moh's hardness of at least 7), 5,273,566 (abrasive with Knoop hardness of at least 1,000), 5,261,950 (polycrystalline alumina), and the like. The disclosure of each of these United States patents is hereby incorporated by reference into this specification.

It is preferred that the abrasive material used have a Moh's hardness of at least about 9.0 and, more preferably, at least about 9.5.

As is known to those skilled in the art, Moh's hardness is an empirical scale of hardness in which the scratch resistance of a material is rated on a scale of minerals ranging from the softest to the hardest as follows: 1. talc, 2. gypsum, 3. calcite, 4. fluorite, 5. apatite, 6. orthoclase, 7. quartz, 8. topaz, 9. corundum, and 10. diamond.

The Moh's hardness of a material may be measured in accordance with procedures well known to those skilled in the art. Thus, e.g., one may use the techniques disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,424,077, 5,418,209, 5,415,538, 5,399,407, 4,387,457, 5,348,914, 5,291,257, 5,257,923, 4,158,553, and the like. The disclosure of each of these United States patents is hereby incorporated by reference into this specification.

It is preferred that the abrasive used have a grain size distribution such that at least about 95 weight percent of the abrasive grains pass through a 60 grit sieve; the openings in a 60 grit sieve are 0.0105". It is more preferred that at least about 95 weight percent of the abrasive grains pass through an 80 grit sieve; the openings in an 80 grit sieve are 0.082".

It is preferred that the abrasive coated onto the grinding tip have a thickness of less than about 0.02 inches. It is also preferred that the abrasive be substantially uniformly distributed over the grinding tip substrate surface.

The abrasive material may be deposited onto the grinding tip substrate by conventional means such as, electroplating.

In one preferred embodiment, the abrasive material is deposited onto the grinding tip substrate by nickel brazing. Nickel brazing materials and alloys, and processes for using them, are well known to those skilled in the art and are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,385,791, 5,118,475, 4,938,922, 4,883,640, 4,528,247, 4,497,772, 4,414,178, 4,389,074, and the like. The disclosure of each of these United States patents is hereby incorporated by reference into this specification.

The blank 214 of grinding tip 210 onto which the boron nitride coating is plated is preferably steel (or other suitable alloy with appropriate mechanical properties which can be plated with the boron nitride). When steel is used, the steel used most preferably will be a high-quality medium- or high-carbon steel. These steels are well known to those skilled in the art and are described, e.g., on pages 23-54 to 23-58 of Robert H. Perry and Cecil H. Chilton's "Chemical Engineers' Handbook," Fifth Edition (McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1973).

The material in the grinding tip, be it steel, or another alloy, or a metal, preferably has an electrical resistivity of at least about 19 microohms-centimeter.

Although the grinding tip 210 is preferably comprised primarily of steel (or other suitable material), one cannot use a grinding bit 20 which, except for the coating on the grinding tip 210, consists essentially of steel (or other suitable material). Although at least about 95 weight percent (and preferably at least about 97 weight percent) of the grinding tip is comprised of steel (or other suitable material), the grinding tip must be coated with cubic boron nitride (or other inorganic abrasive material s!). Applicants have discovered that the use of such a grinding bit 20 without the inorganic abrasive coating often causes intense and destructive chattering and vibration problems during the high speed (in excess of 35,000 r.p.m.) operation of the grinding bit.

Applicants have unexpectedly discovered that, if grinding bit 20 is constructed from two dissimilar pieces in a specified manner, a grinding bit 20 which does not exhibit the chattering and vibration problems of the integral grinding bit is produced.

In applicant's improved grinding bit 20, a grinding tip 210 and an arbor 208 are configured so that the arbor fits tightly within an interior cavity 216 of the grinding bit tip 210. Referring to the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 37, this tight fit may be achieved by precisely matching tapered surfaces 218 and 220. Because of such precise matching, the centerline 222 of arbor 208 is precisely aligned with the centerline 224 of grinding tip 210 in each and every plane.

In addition to such precise alignment, applicants have also discovered that, in one preferred embodiment, unlike grinding tip 210, arbor 208 preferably should comprise at least about 80 weight percent of a metal carbide. In one preferred embodiment, the metal carbide used in arbor 208 is selected from the group consisting of titanium carbide, tungsten carbide, chromium carbide, and mixtures thereof.

In one preferred embodiment,the arbor 208 is comprised of from about 75 to about 90 weight percent of tungsten carbide and from about 10 to about 10 weight percent of a metal binder such as, e.g., cobalt intimately admixed with said tungsten carbide. In this embodiment the arbor 208 preferably has a density of from about 0.4 to about 0.55 pounds per cubic inch, a thermal conductivity of from about 16 to 69 British Thermal Units per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit per foot, a coefficient of thermal expansion of from about 2.5 to about 3.9×10⁻⁶ per degree Fahrenheit, an electrical conductivity of from about 4.3 to about 11.9 percent (the conductivity being expressed as a percentage of an International standard specimen of pure copper International Annealed Copper Standard) whose resistance is equal to 0.15328 ohms), a Young's modulus of from about 61.6 to about 94.8 million psi. a tensile strength of at least about 100,000 p.s.i., and a Rockwell hardness of from about of from about 85 to about 93. These properties may be measured in accordance with A.S.T.M. Standard tests (please describe a standard test for each property).

The arbor 208 may consist of material other than metal carbide as long as such material exhibits certain desired properties. Thus, it is preferred that the material in the arbor, which preferably comprises at least about 95 weight percent of such arbor, have a Young's modulus of at least about 31,000,000 pounds per square inch and,more preferably, at least about 60,000,000 pounds per square inch. In one especially preferred embodiment, the material in the arbor has a Young's modulus of at least about 80,000,000 pounds per square inch.

Referring again to FIG. 36, it will be seen that the overall length 226 of grinding bit 20 is from about 2.0 to about 4.75 inches.

Referring again to FIG. 37, it will be seen that the overall length 228 of arbor 208 is from about 2.0 inches to about 4.3 inches. The overall length of grinding tip 210 may vary but generally is from about 0.7 to about 1.9 inches, and, more preferably, from about 1.0 to about 1.3 inches. In general, it is preferred that the length of the arbor exceed the length of the grinding tip by at least about 1.0 inch.

Referring again to FIGS. 36 and 37, it will be seen that grinding tip 210 preferably has a head 211 which has a substantially arcuate shape. In one embodiment, the arcuate shape is substantially hemispherical.

The grinding tip 210 preferably has a maximum cross-sectional dimension 213 of from about 0.2 to about 1.3 inches, and, more preferably, from about 0.8 to about 1.0 inches. The arbor 208 preferably has a maximum cross-sectional dimension 215 of from about 0.2 to about 0.8 inches. It is preferred that the maximum cross-sectional dimension of said grinding tip exceed the maximum cross-sectional dimension of such arbor by at least about 0.1 inches.

The material forming the substrate of grinding tip 210 preferably has an electrical conductivity of at least about 19 microohms.cm. Furthermore, such material generally has a tensile strength of at least about 60,000 pounds per square inch.

In one preferred embodiment, the material comprising arbor 208, and the substrate material for grinding tip 210, are chosen such that their coefficients of thermal expansion differ from each other by no greater than about 20 percent.

It is to be understood that the invention described hereinabove is not limited to the procedures set forth above. The grinding machine 20 has been designed to be programmed to operate on various sizes and shapes of workpieces; and, as such, the process for grinding a specific component may deviate from that which was discussed above while still retaining the essence of the invention, which allows the entire remanufacturing operation.

The regrinding machine disclosed herein provides for a self-contained means of automatically regrinding the various components of a variety of constant velocity universal joints. The single station regrinding machine of this invention can regrind any component with a single piece of tooling, a grinding bit.

A preferred grinding tip

A sectional view of one preferred grinding tip 240 is illustrated in FIG. 37A, which, in order to facilitate illustration of the features of grinding tip 240, is not drawn precisely to scale. Referring to FIG. 37A, it will be seen that grinding tip 240 preferably has an overall length of from about 0.7 to about 1.9 inches and, more preferably, from about 1.0 to about 1.3 inches.

Referring again to FIG. 37A, grinding bit 240 preferably has a height 246 of from about 0.2 to about 1.3 inches.

Grinding bit 240 is preferably comprised of an interior cavity 248 which is designed to fit over the end of arbor 208 (see FIG. 37). Interior cavity 248 is comprised of threaded bore 250 which communicates with unthreaded bore 252. Unthreaded bore 252, in turn, communicates with conical bore 254.

Conical bore 254 preferably has a length 256 of from about 0.22 to about 0.29 inches. Threaded bore 250 preferably has a length 258 of from about 0.31 to about 0.62 inches and, more preferably, from about 0.38 to about 0.50 inches. Unthreaded bore 252 preferably has a length 260 of from about 0.08 to about 0.17 inches.

Conical bore is formed by outwardly extending wall 262 which is beveled at an angle 264 of from about 9 to about 45 degrees. It is preferred that angle 264 be from about 13 to about 35 degrees. It is more preferred that angle 264 be from about 14 to about 22 degrees. In one especially preferred embodiment, angle 264 is about 18 degrees.

In the preferred embodiment illustrated in FIG. 37A, extending wall 262 terminates in a lip 266 which preferably has a thickness 268 of from about 0.35 to about 0.45 inches.

(PLEASE INSERT RANGE OF THICKNESSES FOR THE LIP).

A preferred fluid delivery system

During the operation of applicants' constant velocity universal joint regrinding machine, very high temperatures are generated at the interface between the tool bit and the workpiece. Unless the tool bit is adequately lubricated, it is apt to apt to overheat, and such overheating will often cause the abrasive coating to flake off of the too bit grinding head.

The tool bit is programmed to move during the grinding operation to generate the desired grinding profile. The fluid delivery system of this invention is adapted to be mounted on the spindle so that, as the tool bit is moved, the fluid delivery system also moves and follows the tool bit.

FIG. 38 is a perspective view of fluid delivery system 300 which, as is illustrated in FIG. 38, is hydraulically connected to hose 302 through which coolant (not shown) flows. In one preferred embodiment, the coolant is a hydrocarbon mixture with a flash point in excess of 300 degrees Fahrenheit and a density of 7.7 pounds per gallon which is sold by the Re-Li-On Corporation of Toledo, Ohio as Re-Li-On cutting/coolant oil.

Referring again to FIG. 38, it will be seen that fluid delivery system 300 is mounted on spindle 38. Fluid delivery system 300 is comprised of fluid manifold 304 and adjustable nozzles of adjustable nozzles 306, 308, 310, and 312. which, in the embodiment depicted, are aimed at grinding bit 30.

One may use any of the adjustable nozzles known to those skilled in the art. Thus, by way of illustration and not limitation, one may use one or more of the adjustable nozzles disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,272,945, 5,267,692, 5,236,505, 5,157,646, 4,991,779, 4,886,098, 4,850,538, 4,714,932, 4,697,542, 4,696,669, 4,533,005, 4,479,593,4,473,190, 4,248,385, 4,221,334, 3,986,642, 3,765,317, 3,718,166 (manifold and adjustable nozzle), and the like. The disclosure of each of these U.S. patents is hereby incorporated by reference into this specification.

As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, the advantage of using a multiplicity of adjustable nozzles is that they can be properly aimed at the interiors of variously differently shaped workpieces.

Referring to FIG. 39, it will be seen that the particular adjustable nozzle 310 depicted is a commercially available nozzle which may be purchased from the 1994/95 MSC Industrial Supply Company catalog (MSC Industrial Supply Company, 151 Sunnyside Boulevard, Plainview, N.Y.). Referring to page 837 of this catalog, it will be seen that various parts are available in the "Cedarberg Snap-Loc System". Thus, and referring to both FIG. 39 and such page 837, one can purchase nozzle 312 ("Nozzle Pac 1/4" Nozzles") as part number 8425-16, and one can purchase adjustable snap assembly 318 ("1/4" NPT Connector Pac") as part number 8425-18.

Referring again to FIGS. 38 and 39, it will be seen that it is preferred to connect at least four adjustable nozzles to manifold 304 and dispose them in the top half of such manifold. Spindle 38 preferably rotates counterclockwise during the operation of the grinding machine.

FIG. 40 is a top view of manifold 304. Referring to FIG. 40, it will be seen that the top surface 320 of manifold 304 is comprised of an orifice 322 in which a removable plug 324 is preferably disposed.

FIG. 41 is a front view of manifold 304, illustrating orifices 326, illustrating orifices 326, 328, 330, and 332 in which nozzles 306, 308, 310, and 312 removably disposed.

Referring again to FIG. 41, it also will be seen that screw 334 can move parts 336 and 338 of manifold 304 either together or apart, depending upon whether such screw 334. is rotated in a clockwise or a counterclockwise direction. Thus, when parts 336 and 338 are separated, the manifold 304 may be disposed over the spindle 30 (not shown) and thereafter tightened.

FIG. 42 is a side view of manifold 304 illustrating orifice 340 to which hose 302 (see FIG. 38) may be connected by conventional means.

FIG. 43 is a bottom view of manifold 304, illustrating screw 334 disposed within orifice 342.

FIG. 44 is a perspective view of grinding machine 10, illustrating how fluid distribution device 300, when mounted on spindle 38, follows the motion of such spindle and, with the proper adjustment of nozzles 306, 308, 310, and 312, can properly direct fluid flow into the interior of the workpiece to be ground (not shown).

It is to be understood that the aforementioned description is illustrative only and that changes can be made in the apparatus, in the ingredients and their proportions, and in the sequence of combinations and process steps, as well as in other aspects of the invention discussed herein, without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the following claims. 

We claim:
 1. A grinding bit for regrinding a component of a constant velocity universal joint, wherein said grinding bit has a length of from about 2.0 to about 4.75 inches and is comprised of a grinding tip, an arbor, and means for removably attaching said grinding tip to said arbor, and wherein:(a) said arbor has a length of from about 2.0 to about 4.3 inches, said grinding tip has a length of from about 0.7 to about 1.9 inches, and the length of said arbor exceeds the length of said grinding tip by at least about 1.0 inch; (b) said grinding tip has a maximum cross-sectional dimension of from about 0.2 to about 1.3 inches, said arbor has a maximum cross-sectional dimension of from about 0.2 to about 0.8 inches, and the maximum cross-sectional dimension of said grinding tip exceeds the maximum cross-sectional dimension of said arbor by at least about 0.1 inches; (c) said grinding tip is comprised of a head portion with a substantially arcuate shape; (d) said grinding tip is comprised of a substrate coated with a first abrasive material, wherein:1. at least 95 weight percent of said grinding tip is comprised of a second material which has a tensile strength of at least 60,000 pounds per square inch,
 2. said abrasive material has a hardness of at least about 9 Mohs,
 3. said coating of said first abrasive material has a thickness of less than about 0.02 inches; and (e) said arbor is comprised of at least about 95 weight percent of a third material with a Young's modulus of at least about 31,000,000 pounds per square inch and a coefficient of thermal expansion of from about 2.5 to about 3.9×10⁻⁶ inches/inch-degree Fahrenheit, wherein the coefficient of thermal expansion of said third material is from about 0.8 to about 1.8 times as great as the coefficient of thermal expansion of said second material.
 2. The grinding bit as recited in claim 1, wherein said first abrasive material consists essentially of cubic boron nitride.
 3. The grinding bit as recited in claim 1, wherein said substrate of said grinding tip consists essentially of steel.
 4. The grinding bit as recited in claim 3, wherein said steel is high carbon steel.
 5. The grinding bit as recited in claim 1, wherein said arbor is comprised of from about 75 to about 90 weight percent of a metal carbide.
 6. The grinding bit as recited in claim 5, wherein said metal carbide is tungsten carbide.
 7. The grinding bit as recited in claim 1, wherein said arbor has a density of from about 0.4 to about 0.55 pounds per cubic inch.
 8. The grinding bit as recited in claim 1, wherein said arbor has a thermal conductivity of from about 16 to about 69 British Thermal Units per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit per foot.
 9. The grinding bit as recited in claim 1, wherein said arbor has a Young's modulus of from about 61.6 to about 94.8 million pounds per square inch.
 10. A grinding bit, wherein said grinding bit has a length of from about 2.0 to about 4.75 inches and is comprised of a grinding tip, an arbor, and means for removably attaching said grinding tip to said arbor, and wherein:(a) said arbor has a length of from about 2.0 to about 4.3 inches, said grinding tip has a length of from about 0.7 to about 1.9 inches, and the length of said arbor exceeds the length of said grinding tip by at least about 1.0 inch; (b) said grinding tip has a maximum cross-sectional dimension of from about 0.2 to about 1.3 inches, said arbor has a maximum cross-sectional dimension of from about 0.2 to about 0.8 inches, and the maximum cross-sectional dimension of said grinding tip exceeds the maximum cross-sectional dimension of said arbor by at least about 0.1 inches; (c) said grinding tip is comprised of a head portion with a substantially arcuate shape; (d) at least 95 weight percent of said grinding tip is comprised of a second material which has a tensile strength of at least 60,000 pounds per square inch; and (e) said arbor is comprised of at least about 95 weight percent of a third material with a Young's modulus of at least about 31,000,000 pounds per square inch and a coefficient of thermal expansion of from about 2.5 to about 3.9×10⁻⁶ inches/inch-degree Fahrenheit, wherein the coefficient of thermal expansion of said third material is from about 0.8 to about 1.8 times as great as the coefficient of thermal expansion of said second material.
 11. A grinding tip comprised of a head portion with a proximal end and a distal end and with a substantially hemispherical shape, and a tail portion with a proximal end and a distal end which is integrally formed with said head portion, wherein said grinding tip has a length of from about 0.7 to about 1.9 inches, and wherein:(a) said grinding tip is comprised of a substrate coated with a first abrasive material with a Mohs hardness of at least about 9, wherein:1. at least 95 weight percent of said substrate is comprised of a second material which has a tensile strength of at least 60,000 pounds per square inch,
 3. said coating of said first abrasive material has a thickness of less than about 0.02 inches; and (b) said grinding bit is comprised of an interior cavity extending from said distal end of said tail portion of said grinding tip to a point intermediate said distal end of said tail portion and said proximal end of said grinding bit, wherein said interior cavity is comprised of a first threaded bore communicating with a second unthreaded bore, wherein said second unthreaded bore communicates with a third conical bore, wherein said third conical bore is formed by tapered conical surfaces extending outwardly from said second unthreaded bore, and wherein:1. said tapered conical surfaces are beveled at an angle of from about 9 to about 45 degrees,
 2. said first threaded bore has a length of from about 0.31 to about 0.62 inches, and
 2. said third conical bore has a length of from about 0.22 to about 0.29 inches. 